Pronunciation guide¶

How every name and term in the saga is spoken, in Lithuanian and in English narration.

Labels. [Historical record] is attested in the sources or standard scholarship; [The saga’s invention] was made for this series.

A name said wrongly is a small betrayal of the person who bore it. Vytautas was VEE-tow-tahs to everyone who ever spoke to him, and an audiobook that says vy-TOW-tus puts a stranger on his horse. The aim here is simple. A Lithuanian listener should hear the English narration and not wince.

1. How to use this guide¶

Each table row gives five things:

Lithuanian spelling, with full diacritics. Use this spelling in prose and docs; never strip the marks.
Stress, with the stressed syllable in CAPS (VY-tau-tas). This column is the one that matters most.
IPA, in broad transcription (conventions in §2).
Sounds like, an English sound-alike respelling (key in §4) for narrators who do not read IPA.
Notes: who or what it is, meaning or etymology where scholarship supports one, and the usual English mistake to avoid.

Stress confidence. Stress follows standard Lithuanian accentuation, the accent paradigms of the Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, the VLKK names database and the Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Where I am not confident of a word’s stress, the row says. Do not record those rows until a Lithuanian speaker or one of those dictionaries has confirmed them. The anchors supplied by the author (Výtautas, Jogáila, Kęstùtis, Birùtė, Gedìminas, Algìrdas, Vìlnius, Trakaĩ, Palangà, Perkū́nas, Žemýna, Eglė̃, Jū́ratė, Kastýtis) are used as given.

2. A Lithuanian sound primer for English speakers¶

Lithuanian is spelled almost exactly as it sounds. Once you know the letters, you can read any name aloud correctly except for one thing, the stress, which spelling does not show (§2.5).

2.1 The alphabet¶

Lithuanian has 32 letters. These are the ones that differ from English:

Letter	IPA	Sounds like	Example
a	[ɐ] short, [aː] long	short: u in cut; long: a in father	Trakai (trah-KYE)
ą	[aː]	a in father (always long)	Vytautą (acc.)
c	[ts]	ts in cats	Lucko
č	[tʃ]	ch in church	Kūčios
e	[ɛ] short, [æː] long	short: e in bet; long: a in bad, drawn out	Nemunas (NEH-moo-nahs)
ę	[æː]	a in bad, drawn out (always long)	Kęstutis
ė	[eː]	ay in day with no glide, like French é held	Birutė
g	[ɡ]	always hard, as in go, never as in gem	Gediminas
h	[ɣ]	a voiced, soft h; an English h is acceptable (loanwords only)	Hanulas
i	[ɪ]	i in bit; between a consonant and a back vowel it is silent and only softens the consonant (§2.4)	Vilnius (VIL-nyoos)
į, y	[iː]	ee in see (always long). Never „eye“.	Vytautas, Įsrūtis
j	[j]	y in yes	Jogaila (yo-GUY-lah)
o	[oː]	o in more, pure, no glide; short [ɔ] only in loanwords	Jonas, Sofija
š	[ʃ]	sh in ship	Švitrigaila
u	[ʊ]	u in put	Kęstutis
ų, ū	[uː]	oo in moon (always long)	Trakų, Perkūnas
v	[ʋ]	between v and w; an English v is fine	Vilnius
ž	[ʒ]	s in measure	Žemyna
ch	[x]	ch in Scottish loch (loanwords only)	—
dž	[dʒ]	j in judge	Pradžia

The four „tailed“ vowels ą ę į ų were nasal vowels centuries ago. Today they are simply long, and they mostly mark grammatical endings (Vytautą is the accusative). Never pronounce them nasal or silent.

2.2 Long and short vowels¶

Always short: a, e, i, u (but see the next point).
Always long: ą, ę, ė, į, y, ų, ū, and o in native words.
Stressed a and e in an open, non-final syllable become long: Nemunas is [ˈnʲæːmʊnɐs], ragana is [ˈraːɡɐnɐ].
Unstressed vowels keep their quality. Lithuanian has no „uh“ (schwa). English speakers reduce every unstressed vowel to „uh“; do not. Vytautas ends in a clear -tahs, not -tus. Žemyna ends in -nah, not -nuh.

2.3 Diphthongs¶

Spelling	IPA	Sounds like	Example
ai	[ɐɪ]	eye	Jogaila (yo-GUY-lah)
au	[ɐʊ]	ow in cow	Vytautas (VEE-tow-tahs)
ei	[ɛɪ]	ay in day	Medeina (meh-DAY-nah)
ie	[iɛ]	ee-eh glided into one syllable	Dievas (DYEH-vahs)
uo	[uɔ]	oo-oh glided into one syllable	Vanduo (vahn-DWOH)
ui	[ʊɪ]	ooy as in phooey	(no saga name; common in muilas „soap“)

A vowel followed by l, m, n, r (al, an, ar, il, ir, el, ul, ur…) forms a mixed diphthong, a single long syllable that can carry the stress: Al-GIR-das, KAL-nas.

Spellings with i before a vowel (ia, io, iu, ią, iū, iau) are not two syllables. The i only softens the consonant before it: Velnias is VEL-nyahs (two syllables), Vilnius is VIL-nyoos (two), Karaliaučius is kah-rah-LYOW-chyoos (four).

2.4 Consonants and palatalisation¶

Hard and soft. Almost every consonant comes in a hard and a soft (palatalised) version. A consonant is soft before e, ę, ė, i, į, y, before ie and ei, and before a silent i (ia, iu, io). To an English ear a soft consonant carries a faint y: Kęstutis [kʲæːs-], Gediminas [ɡʲɛ-]. IPA marks this with [ʲ].
Softness spreads backwards through a cluster: Vilnius [ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs], Algirdas [ɐlʲˈɡʲɪrdɐs].
Voicing assimilates. A voiced consonant before a voiceless one becomes voiceless, and the reverse: Bangpūtys [bɐŋkˈpuːtʲiːs], degs [dʲɛks], išdavikas [ɪʒdɐˈvʲɪkɐs]. A voiced consonant at the very end of a word is devoiced.
No puff of air after p, t, k (as in French or Spanish).
l is clear before front vowels and dark [ɫ] before back vowels and consonants (Laima [ˈɫɐɪmɐ], but Velnias [ˈvʲælʲnʲɐs]).
r is tapped or trilled, and always sounded, including before consonants (Algirdas, Jurbarkas). Do not drop it the English way.
n before g or k is [ŋ], as in finger: Palanga [pɐɫɐŋˈɡɐ], Lengvenis.

2.5 Stress: free and mobile¶

This is where English narration goes wrong, and it is the main reason this guide exists.

Free. Lithuanian stress can fall on any syllable: VY-tau-tas, jo-GAI-la, tra-KAI, pa-lan-GA. Spelling never shows it. It must be learned word by word, exactly like the stress of English photograph / photography.
Mobile. In many nouns the stress moves between case forms. Eglė̃ is stressed on the ending, but the accusative Ẽglę is stressed on the stem. Lithuanian grammar sorts nouns into four accent paradigms. Paradigm 1 keeps the stress on the stem; paradigms 2–4 move it to the ending in some cases. §3 lists the saga names that move.
English instincts fail both ways. English speakers stress the first syllable (wrong for Palangà, Trakaĩ, Eglė̃, žaltỹs, Dubysà) or the Latin penult (wrong for Výtautas, Nẽmunas, Jū́ratė). Check every name.
In phrases, each noun and verb keeps its own stress. Short words (tau, man, ir, į, už, kol) are unstressed clitics.

2.6 Pitch accents (optional for English speakers)¶

On a stressed long syllable Lithuanian distinguishes two tones: falling (the acute, written ´: Výtautas) and rising (the circumflex, written ˜: Trakaĩ). A stressed short syllable takes the grave (`: Gedìminas). In mixed diphthongs beginning with i or u, dictionaries write the falling tone as a grave (Algìrdas). Dictionaries print these marks; ordinary text never does.

For English narration you may ignore the tones. Put the stress on the right syllable, keep the long vowels long and the soft consonants soft, and a Lithuanian listener will hear the name as correct. A native narrator will supply the tones without thinking. The tone marks appear in §3 because they are the standard way to show stress in Lithuanian.

2.7 Seven rules that fix most mistakes¶

Stress the CAPS syllable, every time, and do not shrink the other vowels to „uh“.
y and į = „ee“, never „eye“: VEE-tow-tahs, zheh-MEE-nah.
j = „y“: yo-GUY-lah, YOO-rah-tay.
ė = „ay“, and a final -ė is a full syllable: Birutė has three syllables (bih-ROO-tay), Eglė two (eg-LAY).
i before a vowel is not a syllable: VIL-nyoos, VEL-nyahs.
š = sh, ž = zh, č = ch, c = ts, g is always hard.
ą ę į ų are long vowels, not nasal and not silent: Kęstutis = kess-TOO-tis.

3. Names that move: stress across case forms¶

Lithuanian prose inflects every name (Vytauto kardas „Vytautas’s sword“, su Vytautu „with Vytautas“, Vytautai! „O Vytautas!“). A Lithuanian TTS voice needs the right stress for each form. Most saga names keep the stress in the same place throughout (paradigm 1). The rows marked moves change it. Accent marks are the standard dictionary ones (´ ˜ ` on the stressed syllable). Forms marked * need verification.

Name	Nom.	Gen.	Dat.	Acc.	Instr.	Loc.	Voc.	Stress
Vytautas	Výtautas	Výtauto	Výtautui	Výtautą	Výtautu	Výtaute	Výtautai	fixed
Jogaila (also Skirgaila, Švitrigaila, Karigaila)	Jogáila	Jogáilos	Jogáilai	Jogáilą	Jogáila	Jogáiloje	Jogáila	fixed
Gediminas	Gedìminas	Gedìmino	Gedìminui	Gedìminą	Gedìminu	Gedìmine	Gedìminai	fixed
Algirdas	Algìrdas	Algìrdo	Algìrdui	Algìrdą	Algìrdu	Algìrde	Algìrdai	fixed
Kęstutis	Kęstùtis	Kęstùčio	Kęstùčiui	Kęstùtį	Kęstučiù*	Kęstutyjè*	Kęstùti	moves (instr., loc.)
Birutė	Birùtė	Birùtės	Birùtei	Birùtę	Birutè*	Birùtėje	Birùte	moves (instr.)
Ona	Onà*	Onõs*	Õnai*	Õną*	Onà*	Onojè*	Õna*	moves
Eglė	Eglė̃	Eglė̃s	Ẽglei	Ẽglę	Eglè	Eglėjè	Ẽgle	moves
Perkūnas	Perkū́nas	Perkū́no	Perkū́nui	Perkū́ną	Perkū́nu	Perkū́ne	Perkū́ne	fixed
Žemyna	Žemýna	Žemýnos	Žemýnai	Žemýną	Žemýna	Žemýnoje	Žemýna	fixed
Jūratė	Jū́ratė	Jū́ratės	Jū́ratei	Jū́ratę	Jū́rate	Jū́ratėje	Jū́rate	fixed
Jonas	Jõnas	Jõno	Jõnui	Jõną	Jonù	Jonè	Jõnai	moves (instr., loc.)
Vilnius	Vìlnius	Vìlniaus	Vìlniui	Vìlnių	Vìlniumi	Vìlniuje	—	fixed
Trakai (plural)	Trakaĩ	Trakų̃	Trakáms	Trakùs	Trakaĩs	Trakuosè	—	on the ending throughout
Kaunas	Kaũnas	Kaũno	Kaũnui	Kaũną	Kaunù	Kaunè	—	moves (instr., loc.)
Palanga	Palangà	Palangõs	Pãlangai*	Pãlangą*	Palangà	Palangojè	—	moves

Vocatives heard in the chapters: Vytautai! (VY-tau-tai, „VEE-tow-tye“), Kęstuti! (kęs-TU-ti), Kunigaikšti! (ku-ni-GAIKŠ-ti, „koo-nih-GUYKSH-tih“), Tėve! (TĖ-ve, „TAY-veh“), Sūnau! (sū-NAU, „soo-NOW“), Dėde! (DĖ-de, „DAY-deh“), Seneli! (se-NE-li, „seh-NEH-lih“).

4. Respelling key („Sounds like“)¶

The respellings use ordinary English spelling habits. CAPS mark the stressed syllable.

Respelling	Lithuanian	As in
ah	a, ą	father (short or long)
eh	e, ę	bet (long ę is drawn out, toward bad)
ay	ė, also ei	day, but ė is a pure vowel with no glide
ee	y, į	see
ih / i	i	bit
oh	o	more without the r
oo	u, ū, ų	u is short, as in put; ū, ų are long, as in moon
ow	au	cow
eye, uy, ye, igh	ai	eye (several spellings are used so that the respelling stays readable)
yeh	ie	yet, glided from ee
woh	uo	glided oo-oh in one syllable
ny, ly, ty, ky…	soft consonant + ia/iu/io	canyon, million
zh	ž	measure
sh	š	ship
ch	č	church
ts	c	cats
y	j	yes
kh	German ch, Lithuanian ch	Scottish loch

6. Characters: the Gediminids and their court [Historical record]¶

Historical people.

Lithuanian spelling	Stress	IPA	Sounds like	Notes
Gediminas	ge-DI-mi-nas	[ɡʲɛˈdʲɪmʲɪnɐs]	„geh-DIH-mih-nahs“	Grand Duke c. 1316 to 1341/42; founder of the dynasty and of Vilnius as capital. Stress the short i of the second syllable. Avoid „GED-ih-MEE-nus“. Ruthenian Gedimin.
Algirdas	al-GIR-das	[ɐlʲˈɡʲɪrdɐs]	„ahl-GIHR-dahs“	Grand Duke 1345–77, Jogaila’s father. Ruthenian Olgerd. Avoid „AL-gir-das“. Elements Al- + -girdas (compare Mantigirdas, Visgirdas).
Kęstutis	kęs-TU-tis	[kʲæːsˈtʊtʲɪs]	„kess-TOO-tis“	Duke of Trakai, co-ruler 1345–82, killed at Krėva on 15 Aug 1382. ę is a long open „e“ (as in bad), not a nasal and not silent. The stressed u is short, as in put. Avoid „KES-too-tis“. Ruthenian Keistut, German Kynstut. In the instrumental and locative the stress moves to the ending (see §3).
Birutė	bi-RU-tė	[bʲɪˈrʊtʲeː]	„bih-ROO-tay“	Kęstutis’s wife and Vytautas’s mother, of Palanga. Final ė is a long, pure „ay“ with no glide. Avoid „BEER-oot“ and „bih-ROOT“.
Vytautas	VY-tau-tas	[ˈviːtɐʊtɐs]	„VEE-tow-tahs“	Kęstutis’s son; Grand Duke 1392–1430. Stress the first syllable in every case form. y is „ee“, never „eye“. Avoid „vy-TOW-tus“ and „VYE-tow-tus“. Polish Witold, Ruthenian Vitovt. Baptised Wigand (1383) and Aleksandras (1386).
Vyti	VY-ti	[ˈviːtʲɪ]	„VEE-tih“	Intimate vocative used only by Birutė and Kęstutis. Not the same word as Vytis (the coat of arms).
Jogaila	jo-GAI-la	[joˈɡɐɪɫɐ]	„yo-GUY-lah“	Algirdas’s son; Grand Duke 1377–81 and 1382–92; King of Poland 1386–1434 as Władysław II Jagiełło. Lithuanian j is English y. Avoid „JOG-ay-la“. Ruthenian Jagailo.
Skirgaila	skir-GAI-la	[skʲɪrˈɡɐɪɫɐ]	„skihr-GUY-lah“	Jogaila’s brother and enforcer; regent 1387–92; died in Kyiv in Jan 1397. Orthodox name Ivan, Catholic Kazimierz (1386).
Švitrigaila	švi-tri-GAI-la	[ʃvʲɪtʲrʲɪˈɡɐɪɫɐ]	„shvih-trih-GUY-lah“	Jogaila’s youngest brother; Grand Duke 1430–32. Š is „sh“. Catholic name Bolesław (1386). Polish Świdrygiełło.
Kaributas	ka-RI-bu-tas	[kɐˈrʲɪbʊtɐs]	„kah-RIH-boo-tahs“	Algirdas’s son, Duke of Novhorod-Siverskyi, baptised Dmitry. Kari- „army“ + -butas.
Lengvenis	leng-VE-nis	[lʲɛŋˈvʲæːnʲɪs]	„leng-VEH-nis“	Algirdas’s son Semyon (Simeon) Lingwen. lengv- „light“ (lengvas).
Vygantas	vy-GAN-tas	[viːˈɡɐntɐs]	„vee-GAHN-tahs“	Algirdas’s son Vygantas-Aleksandras, died 1392.
Karigaila	ka-ri-GAI-la	[kɐrʲɪˈɡɐɪɫɐ]	„kah-rih-GUY-lah“	Algirdas’s son, killed 1390.
Žygimantas Kęstutaitis	ži-gi-MAN-tas kęs-tu-TAI-tis	[ʒʲiːɡʲɪˈmɐntɐs kʲæːstʊˈtɐɪtʲɪs]	„zhee-gih-MAHN-tahs kess-too-TYE-tis“	Vytautas’s brother; Grand Duke 1432–40. Žygimantas is the Lithuanian form of German Sigismund, reshaped on žygis „campaign“. Keep him apart from Zigmantas Liuksemburgietis, who is also „Sigismund“ in English. The patronymic suffix -áitis always carries the stress.
Tautvilas	TAUT-vi-las	[ˈtɐʊtvʲɪɫɐs]	„TOWT-vih-lahs“	Kęstutis’s son (baptised Konrad), died 1390. taut- „people“ + -vil- „hope“.
Butautas	bu-TAU-tas	[bʊˈtɐʊtɐs]	„boo-TOW-tahs“	Kęstutis’s son (baptised Henrikas), who defected to the Order in 1365.
Vaidotas	VAI-do-tas	[ˈvɐɪdotɐs]	„VYE-doh-tahs“	Kęstutis’s eldest son, defender of Kaunas in 1362.
Danutė	da-NU-tė	[dɐˈnʊtʲeː]	„dah-NOO-tay“	Kęstutis’s daughter (baptised Anna), wife of Janusz I of Masovia; Vytautas’s first refuge in late 1382.
Rimgailė	rim-GAI-lė	[rʲɪmˈɡɐɪlʲeː]	„rim-GUY-lay“	Kęstutis’s daughter (also Ringailė).
Ona	o-NA	[oˈnɐ]	„oh-NAH“	Vytautas’s wife (Anna), died 1418. The dictionary nominative is end-stressed (Onà), but the accusative and vocative stress the first syllable (Õną, Õna), so in dialogue („Ona!“) it is „OH-nah“.
Sofija	SO-fi-ja	[ˈsɔfʲɪjɐ]	„SOH-fih-yah“	Two women: Sofija Vytautaitė (Vytautas’s daughter, married Vasily I of Moscow in 1391) and Sofija Alšėniškė (Sophia of Halshany, Jogaila’s fourth wife). The o is short because the name is a loan.
Julijona	ju-li-jo-NA	[jʊlʲɪjoˈnɐ]	„yoo-lih-yoh-NAH“	Two women: Julijona Tverietė (Uliana of Tver, Algirdas’s second wife and Jogaila’s mother, died c. 1391) and Julijona Alšėniškė (Vytautas’s second wife, married 1418). Russian Uliana [ʊˈlʲjanə].
Jadvyga	jad-VY-ga	[jɐdˈviːɡɐ]	„yahd-VEE-gah“	Jadwiga of Anjou, crowned „King“ of Poland in 1384, Jogaila’s wife 1386–99. Lithuanian prose uses Jadvyga.
Hanulas	HA-nu-las	[ˈɣaːnʊɫɐs]	„HAH-noo-lahs“	Hanul of Riga, the Vilnius merchant who opened the city to Jogaila in 1382; Henė’s first mask. Lithuanian h is voiced, but an English h is acceptable.
Kristinas Astikas	kris-TI-nas AS-ti-kas	[krʲɪsˈtʲɪnɐs ˈaːstʲɪkɐs]	„kris-TIH-nahs AHS-tih-kahs“	Vytautas’s boyar, later castellan of Vilnius; forebear of the Radvilos. Also spelled Ostikas. Polish Krystyn Ościk.
Jonas Goštautas	JO-nas GOŠ-tau-tas	[ˈjoːnɐs ˈɡoʃtɐʊtɐs]	„YOH-nahs GOHSH-tow-tahs“	Voivode of Vilnius (died 1458), a magnate of Books IV–V and a child in Book I. Polish Jan Gasztołd. Jonas is certain; the stress of Goštautas needs checking.
Mindaugas	min-DAU-gas	[mʲɪnˈdɐʊɡɐs]	„min-DOW-gahs“	King of Lithuania 1253–63.
Jaunutis	jau-NU-tis	[jɐʊˈnʊtʲɪs]	„yow-NOO-tis“	Gediminas’s son; Grand Duke 1341–45, deposed by Algirdas and Kęstutis. jaun- „young“ + diminutive -utis.
Vytenis	vy-TE-nis	[viːˈtʲæːnʲɪs]	„vee-TEH-nis“	Grand Duke c. 1295–1316, Gediminas’s brother.
Narimantas	na-ri-MAN-tas	[nɐrʲɪˈmɐntɐs]	„nah-rih-MAHN-tahs“	Gediminas’s son.
Liubartas	LIU-bar-tas	[ˈlʲʊbɐrtɐs]	„LYOO-bahr-tahs“	Gediminas’s son, Duke of Volhynia (Lubart).
Vaidila	vai-DI-la	[vɐɪˈdʲɪɫɐ]	„vye-DIH-lah“	Jogaila’s low-born favourite, hanged on Kęstutis’s orders in 1381 (Lithuanian chronicles). Same word as the common noun vaidila „pagan priest, bard“.
Elena	e-le-NA	[ɛlʲɛˈnɐ]	„eh-leh-NAH“	Ona’s maid who stayed in the cell in Vytautas’s place and was executed (tradition; the name needs checking).
Vygandas	vy-GAN-das	[viːˈɡɐndɐs]	„vee-GAHN-dahs“	Lithuanian form of Wigand: Vytautas’s Catholic baptismal name (Tapiau, 21 Oct 1383), and the chronicler Wigand of Marburg.
Aleksandras	a-lek-SAN-dras	[ɐlʲɛkˈsɐndrɐs]	„ah-lek-SAHN-drahs“	Vytautas’s second baptismal name (Kraków, 1386).
Vladislovas	vla-di-SLO-vas	[vɫɐdʲɪˈsɫoːvɐs]	„vlah-dih-SLOH-vahs“	Lithuanian form of Władysław, Jogaila’s baptismal name (15 Feb 1386).
Kazimieras	ka-zi-MIE-ras	[kɐzʲɪˈmʲiɛrɐs]	„kah-zih-MYEH-rahs“	Lithuanian form of Kazimierz: Skirgaila’s Catholic name (1386); Casimir Jagiellon (Kazimieras Jogailaitis), Grand Duke from 1440.
Gediminaičiai	ge-di-mi-NAI-čiai	[ɡʲɛdʲɪmʲɪˈnɐɪtʃʲɛɪ]	„geh-dih-mih-NYE-chay“	The dynasty, „Gediminas’s sons“. Singular Gediminaitis.
Kęstutaičiai	kęs-tu-TAI-čiai	[kʲæːstʊˈtɐɪtʃʲɛɪ]	„kess-too-TYE-chay“	Kęstutis’s line.
Jogailaičiai	jo-gai-LAI-čiai	[joɡɐɪˈɫɐɪtʃʲɛɪ]	„yo-guy-LYE-chay“	The Jagiellonians. Singular Jogailaitis.

7. Characters: saga figures [The saga’s invention unless marked]¶

Invented people, and legendary figures whose names the saga uses.

Lithuanian spelling	Stress	IPA	Sounds like	Notes
Eglė	eg-LĖ	[ɛɡˈlʲeː]	„eg-LAY“	Last vaidilutė of Šventaragis, then the swamp’s voice. The word means „spruce“. Stress the end. Avoid „EGG-lee“ and „EG-lay“. Accusative and vocative stress the first syllable (Ẽglę, Ẽgle).
Pelkių Eglė	PEL-kių eg-LĖ	[ˈpʲælʲkʲuː ɛɡˈlʲeː]	„PEL-kyoo eg-LAY“	„Eglė of the Swamps“, her name after the Root-Mother takes her.
Henė	HE-nė	[ˈɣʲæːnʲeː]	„HEH-nay“	The jester, mask of the Shadow-Seller. English docs spell it Henne (German [ˈhɛnə], „HEN-uh“). The name is invented, so the stress is the author’s choice. First-syllable stress keeps the echo of German Henne; the alternative Henė̃ („heh-NAY“) would follow Eglė̃.
Galminas	GAL-mi-nas	[ˈɡaːlʲmʲɪnɐs]	„GAHL-mih-nahs“	Samogitian elder, host of the Root-Mother. No dictionary stress exists for this name. GAL-mi-nas is recommended; gal-MI-nas is also possible.
Daiva	DAI-va	[ˈdɐɪvɐ]	„DYE-vah“	Proposed name for the prologue priestess. A 20th-century revival name, not attested as a 14th-century personal name.
Jonas	JO-nas	[ˈjoːnɐs]	„YOH-nahs“	Kęstutis’s old arms-bearer (ch. 25); „Jonas“ is his Iron Wolf skin-name. The stress moves to the ending in the instrumental and locative (Jonù, Jonè).
Daumantas	dau-MAN-tas	[dɐʊˈmɐntɐs]	„dow-MAHN-tahs“	Suggested replacement name for Vytautas’s friend in ch. 21. dau- „much“ + -mant- „mind“.
Lizdeika	liz-DEI-ka	[lʲɪzˈdʲɛɪkɐ]	„liz-DAY-kah“	[Historical record: 16th-century chronicle legend] The high priest who read Gediminas’s Iron Wolf dream, found as a baby in an eagle’s nest (lizdas „nest“).
Sovijus	SO-vi-jus	[ˈsoːvʲɪjʊs]	„SOH-vih-yoos“	[Historical record: 1261 Malalas gloss] Hero of the legend of why the dead are burned.
Elgeta	el-ge-TA	[ɛlʲɡʲɛˈtɐ]	„el-geh-TAH“	„The Beggar“, Dievas Senelis in disguise (Cosmology §5).

8. Foreign figures¶

Native form first. The stressed syllable is given in the native language.

Lithuanian spelling	Stress	IPA	Sounds like	Notes
Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein	KON-rad TSÖL-ner fon RO-ten-štain	[ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈtsœlnɐ fɔn ˈʁoːtn̩ʃtaɪn]	„KON-raht TSURL-ner fon ROH-ten-shtine“	Grand Master 1382–90, Vytautas’s host 1382–84. German z is „ts“, and ö is a rounded „e“. Lithuanian Konradas Ciolneris fon Rotenšteinas.
Winrich von Kniprode	VIN-rich fon KNI-pro-de	[ˈvɪnʁɪç fɔn ˈkniːpʁoːdə]	„VIN-rikh fon KNEE-proh-deh“	Grand Master 1352–82; died 24 June 1382, before Kęstutis. Sound the k in Kn-. Lithuanian Vinrichas fon Kniprodė (the chapters write Winrichas).
Ulrich von Jungingen	UL-rich fon JUN-gin-gen	[ˈʊlʁɪç fɔn ˈjʊŋɪŋən]	„OOL-rikh fon YOONG-ing-en“	Grand Master 1407–10, killed at Žalgiris. Lithuanian Ulrichas fon Jungingenas.
Konrad von Wallenrode	KON-rad fon VA-len-ro-de	[ˈkɔnʁaːt fɔn ˈvalənʁoːdə]	„KON-raht fon VAH-len-roh-deh“	Senior Order officer in the 1380s, Grand Master 1391–93; Mickiewicz’s Konrad Wallenrod.
Günther von Hohenstein	GÜN-ter fon HO-en-štain	[ˈɡʏntɐ fɔn ˈhoːənʃtaɪn]	„GUEN-ter fon HOH-en-shtine“	The saga’s invented young Order brother (not the 1381 informant, who was Kuno von Liebenstein, komtur of Osterode).
Wigand von Marburg	VI-gant fon MAR-burk	[ˈviːɡant fɔn ˈmaʁbʊʁk]	„VEE-gahnt fon MAR-boork“	Order herald and chronicler (Chronica nova Prutenica, 1394), a key source for 1382. Lithuanian Vygandas Marburgietis.
Peter von Dusburg	PE-ter fon DUS-burk	[ˈpeːtɐ fɔn ˈdʊsbʊʁk]	„PAY-ter fon DOOS-boork“	Order priest-chronicler (Chronicon terrae Prussiae, 1326). Lithuanian Petras Dusburgietis.
Toktamyšas	tok-ta-MY-šas	[toktɐˈmʲiːʃɐs]	„tok-tah-MEE-shahs“	Tokhtamysh, Khan of the Golden Horde, Vytautas’s ally 1397–99. Kipchak Toqtamış [toqtɑˈmɯʃ], „tokh-tah-MUSH“, stressed on the last syllable. Lithuanian texts also write Tochtamyšas and Toktamišas; pick one and use it everywhere.
Edigėjus	e-di-GĖ-jus	[ɛdʲɪˈɡʲeːjʊs]	„eh-dih-GAY-yoos“	Edigu (Tatar Idegäy [idɛˈɡæj], „ee-deh-GAY“), emir and victor at the Vorskla in 1399.
Timūras	ti-MŪ-ras	[tʲɪˈmuːrɐs]	„tih-MOO-rahs“	Timur (Tamerlane).
Zigmantas Liuksemburgietis	zig-MAN-tas liuk-sem-bur-GIE-tis	[zʲɪɡˈmɐntɐs lʲʊksʲɛmbʊrˈɡʲiɛtʲɪs]	„zig-MAHN-tahs lyook-sem-boor-GYEH-tis“	Sigismund of Luxembourg (German Sigismund [ˈziːɡɪsmʊnt], „ZEE-gis-moont“; Hungarian Zsigmond [ˈʒiɡmond]), King of Hungary and Emperor; offered Vytautas a crown at Lutsk in 1429.
Zbigniew Oleśnicki	ZBIG-niew o-leś-NIC-ki	[ˈzbʲiɡɲɛf ɔlɛɕˈɲit͡skʲi]	„ZBEEG-nyef oh-lesh-NEETS-kee“	Bishop of Kraków from 1423, cardinal 1439; the enemy of Vytautas’s crown. Polish stress always falls on the next-to-last syllable. Lithuanian Zbignevas Olesnickis. The docs‘ Olesnicki drops the ś.
Spytek z Melsztyna	SPY-tek z mel-ŠTY-na	[ˈspɨtɛk z mɛlʂˈtɨna]	„SPIH-tek z mel-SHTIH-nah“	Two men: Spytko II (killed at the Vorskla in 1399) and Spytko III (Hussite leader, killed at Grotniki in 1439). Lithuanian form uncertain.
Jadwiga	jad-VI-ga	[jadˈvʲiɡa]	„yahd-VEE-gah“	Polish form of Jadvyga. Polish w is „v“.
Władysław Jagiełło	wła-DY-sław ja-GIEŁ-ło	[vwaˈdɨswaf jaˈɡʲɛwwɔ]	„vwah-DIH-swahf yah-GYEH-woh“	Jogaila’s Polish regnal name. Polish ł is English w.
Jan Długosz	JAN DŁU-gosz	[ˈjan ˈdwuɡɔʂ]	„YAHN DWOO-gosh“	Polish chronicler (1415–80), source for Birutė’s drowning in 1382 and the 1387 extinguishing of the flame. Lithuanian Janas Dlugošas.
Janusz I	JA-nusz	[ˈjanuʂ]	„YAH-noosh“	Duke of Masovia, husband of Danutė. Lithuanian Janušas Mazovietis.
Liudvikas Vengras	LIUD-vi-kas VEN-gras	[ˈlʲʊdvʲɪkɐs ˈvʲæːŋɡrɐs]	„LYOOD-vih-kahs VEN-grahs“	Louis the Great of Hungary and Poland (died Sept 1382); Hungarian Lajos [ˈlɒjoʃ].
Dmitrijus Donskojus	DMIT-ri-jus don-SKO-jus	[ˈdmʲɪtrʲɪjʊs donˈskoːjʊs]	„DMIT-rih-yoos don-SKOH-yoos“	Dmitry Donskoy, Grand Prince of Moscow (Russian [ˈdmʲitrʲɪj dɐnˈskoj]); victor at Kulikovo, 1380.
Wilhelm von Habsburg	VIL-helm fon HAPS-burk	[ˈvɪlhɛlm fɔn ˈhaːpsbʊʁk]	„VIL-helm fon HAHPS-boork“	William of Austria, Jadwiga’s first betrothed. Lithuanian Vilhelmas Habsburgas.

9. Gods and Forces¶

Gods are [Historical record] in name (sources vary in date and reliability). Forces are [The saga’s invention] (Cosmology §3).

Lithuanian spelling	Stress	IPA	Sounds like	Notes
Dievas	DIE-vas	[ˈdʲiɛvɐs]	„DYEH-vahs“	The sky god; also the ordinary word for (the Christian) God. ie is one gliding vowel, „ee-eh“, never two syllables.
Dievas Senelis	DIE-vas se-NE-lis	[ˈdʲiɛvɐs sʲɛˈnʲælʲɪs]	„DYEH-vahs seh-NEH-lis“	„Old Man God“, the wandering Beggar.
Perkūnas	per-KŪ-nas	[pʲɛrˈkuːnɐs]	„per-KOO-nahs“	Thunder, oaths, justice. Latvian Pērkons, Old Prussian Perkūns; related to Slavic Perun. Avoid „PER-koo-nas“.
Perkūno Rūstybė	per-KŪ-no rūs-TY-bė	[pʲɛrˈkuːno ruːsˈtʲiːbʲeː]	„per-KOO-noh roos-TEE-bay“	[The saga’s invention] „Perkūnas’s Wrath“, his Force-face.
Velnias	VEL-nias	[ˈvʲælʲnʲɐs]	„VEL-nyahs“	Lord of the dead, wealth and bargains. The name is usually connected with vėlė „soul of the dead“. In modern Lithuanian it simply means „devil“. Two syllables only.
Laima	LAI-ma	[ˈɫɐɪmɐ]	„LYE-mah“	Fate; laimė is „luck, happiness“.
Dalia	DA-lia	[ˈdaːlʲɛ]	„DAH-lyah“	Fortune’s allotter; dalia „share, lot“. The modern given name is Dãlia; the stress of the goddess name needs checking.
Giltinė	gil-TI-nė	[ɡʲɪlʲˈtʲɪnʲeː]	„gil-TIH-nay“	Death, Laima’s sister; from gilti „to sting“.
Žemyna	že-MY-na	[ʒʲɛˈmʲiːnɐ]	„zheh-MEE-nah“	Earth; from žemė. Attested in 16th–17th-century sources.
Saulė	SAU-lė	[ˈsɐʊlʲeː]	„SOW-lay“	The Sun. Her tears are amber.
Mėnuo	MĖ-nuo	[ˈmʲeːnʊɔ]	„MAY-nwoh“	The Moon, and the word for „month“ (cognate with English moon and month). Also Mėnulis (mė-NU-lis).
Aušrinė	auš-RI-nė	[ɐʊʃˈrʲɪnʲeː]	„owsh-RIH-nay“	The Morning Star (Venus); from aušra „dawn“, cognate with Latin aurora.
Gabija	ga-BI-ja	[ɡɐˈbʲɪjɐ]	„gah-BIH-yah“	Hearth fire (Fire element). Possibly from gaubti „to cover“, for banking the embers (uncertain).
Bangpūtys	bang-PŪ-tys	[bɐŋkˈpuːtʲiːs]	„bahng-POO-tees“	Sea and storms (Water element); banga „wave“ + pūsti „to blow“. The g is devoiced before p.
Vėjopatis	vė-JO-pa-tis	[vʲeːˈjoːpɐtʲɪs]	„vay-YOH-pah-tis“	The winds (Wind element); vėjas „wind“ + patis „lord“.
Praurimė	prau-RI-mė	[prɐʊˈrʲɪmʲeː]	„prow-RIH-may“	Fire of the stars (Stars element). Known mainly from 19th-century mythographers (Narbutt); authenticity is doubtful. Etymology unknown.
Medeina	me-DEI-na	[mʲɛˈdʲɛɪnɐ]	„meh-DAY-nah“	Forest and hunt. [Historical record] Named in the Hypatian Chronicle under 1252 among Mindaugas’s gods. From medis „tree, forest“.
Jūratė	JŪ-ra-tė	[ˈjuːrɐtʲeː]	„YOO-rah-tay“	The sea goddess of the amber palace; from jūra „sea“. The legend is 19th-century and literary [Historical record as folklore].
Kastytis	kas-TY-tis	[kɐsˈtʲiːtʲɪs]	„kahs-TEE-tis“	Jūratė’s mortal fisherman.
Gintaro Karalienė	GIN-ta-ro ka-ra-LIE-nė	[ˈɡʲɪntɐro kɐrɐˈlʲiɛnʲeː]	„GIN-tah-roh kah-rah-LYEH-nay“	[The saga’s invention] The Amber Queen, an office rather than a goddess.
Šaknų Motina	šak-NŲ MO-ti-na	[ʃɐkˈnuː ˈmoːtʲɪnɐ]	„shahk-NOO MOH-tih-nah“	[The saga’s invention] The Root-Mother. Not a synonym for Žemyna.
Šešėlių Pardavėjas	še-ŠĖ-lių par-da-VĖ-jas	[ʃɛˈʃeːlʲuː pɐrdɐˈvʲeːjɐs]	„sheh-SHAY-lyoo par-dah-VAY-yahs“	[The saga’s invention] The Shadow-Seller, a shard of Velnias.
Geležinis Šventasis	ge-le-ŽI-nis šven-TA-sis	[ɡʲɛlʲɛˈʒʲɪnʲɪs ʃvʲɛnˈtaːsʲɪs]	„geh-leh-ZHIH-nis shven-TAH-sis“	[The saga’s invention] The Iron Saint.
Baltoji Tyla	bal-TO-ji ty-LA	[bɐɫˈtoːjɪ tʲiːˈɫɐ]	„bahl-TOH-yih tee-LAH“	[The saga’s invention] The White Silence.
Stepių Alkis	STE-pių AL-kis	[ˈstʲæːpʲuː ˈɐlʲkʲɪs]	„STEH-pyoo AHL-kis“	[The saga’s invention] The Steppe-Hunger.
Aukso Rijūnas	AUK-so ri-JŪ-nas	[ˈɐʊkso rʲɪˈjuːnɐs]	„OWK-soh rih-YOO-nahs“	[The saga’s invention] The Gold-Glutton.
Erdene-Chuluu	ER-de-ne CHO-luu	[ˈɛrdəɴ ˈtsʰɔɮʊː]	„ER-deh-neh CHOH-loo“	Mongolian „jewel stone“, the Steppe-Hunger’s steppe name. Mongolian, not Lithuanian.
Ferrum Sanctum	FER-rum SANC-tum	[ˈfɛrrʊm ˈsaŋktʊm]	„FER-room SAHNK-toom“	The Iron Saint’s Latin epithet. Corrected from Sanctus Ferrum, which did not agree: Latin ferrum is neuter. Ferrum Sanctum means „holy iron“; Sanctus Ferreus means „iron saint“.
Mercator-Rex	MER-ca-tor REX	[mɛrˈkaːtɔr ˈrɛks]	„mer-KAH-tor REX“	The Gold-Glutton’s Latin epithet, „merchant-king“. Classical stress is mer-CA-tor.

10. Spirits and creatures¶

[Historical record] folk beings unless marked. Plurals are given because the prose uses them.

Lithuanian spelling	Stress	IPA	Sounds like	Notes
laumė	LAU-mė	[ˈɫɐʊmʲeː]	„LOW-may“	Bird-footed fairy woman, weaver and changeling-thief. Plural laumės (LAU-mės). Etymology uncertain.
aitvaras	AIT-va-ras	[ˈɐɪtvɐrɐs]	„ITE-vah-rahs“	Fiery rooster-dragon that steals wealth for its keeper. Plural aitvarai.
kaukas	KAU-kas	[ˈkɐʊkɐs]	„KOW-kahs“	Small household or field sprite bringing prosperity. Plural kaukai (kau-KAI).
žaltys	žal-TYS	[ʒɐlʲˈtʲiːs]	„zhahl-TEES“	Sacred grass snake, guardian of the house. Final stress; avoid „ZHAL-tis“. Plural žalčiai (žal-ČIAI). Often linked to žalias „green“.
vilkatas	vil-KA-tas	[vʲɪlʲˈkaːtɐs]	„vil-KAH-tahs“	Werewolf; from vilkas „wolf“. Plural vilkatai. Used in the saga for the Iron Wolves.
vilkolakis	vil-KO-la-kis	[vʲɪlʲˈkoːɫɐkʲɪs]	„vil-KOH-lah-kis“	The other werewolf word, borrowed from Slavic vlkolak. The docs‘ „Vilkakis“ is not a Lithuanian word; use vilkatas or vilkolakis.
vėlė	vė-LĖ	[vʲeːˈlʲeː]	„vay-LAY“	Soul of the dead. Plural vėlės stresses the first syllable: VĖ-lės, „VAY-lays“.
ragana	RA-ga-na	[ˈraːɡɐnɐ]	„RAH-gah-nah“	Witch or seer; commonly derived from regėti „to see“. Plural raganos.
dvasios	DVA-sios	[ˈdvaːsʲos]	„DVAH-syohs“	Spirits of place (singular dvasia, dva-SIA).
Eglė žalčių karalienė	eg-LĖ žal-ČIŲ ka-ra-LIE-nė	[ɛɡˈlʲeː ʒɐlʲˈtʃʲuː kɐrɐˈlʲiɛnʲeː]	„eg-LAY zhahl-CHOO kah-rah-LYEH-nay“	[Historical record: folk tale, recorded from the 19th century] „Eglė, Queen of the Grass Snakes“; Žilvinas is the serpent-husband.
Žilvinas	ŽIL-vi-nas	[ˈʒʲɪlʲvʲɪnɐs]	„ZHIL-vih-nahs“	The serpent-prince of the Eglė tale.
Galios	GA-lios	[ˈɡaːlʲos]	„GAH-lyohs“	[The saga’s invention] „the Forces“ (singular galia, „power“).

11. Places¶

Lithuanian spelling	Stress	IPA	Sounds like	Notes
Vilnius	VIL-nius	[ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs]	„VIL-nyoos“	Two syllables. The i after n is not a vowel; it only softens the n. Avoid „VIL-nee-us“. From the river Vilnia (vilnis „surge, wave“).
Trakai	tra-KAI	[trɐˈkɐɪ]	„trah-KYE“	Plural noun, stressed on the ending; from trakas „forest clearing“. German Traken, Polish Troki.
Senieji Trakai	se-NIE-ji tra-KAI	[sʲɛˈnʲiɛjɪ trɐˈkɐɪ]	„seh-NYEH-yih trah-KYE“	Old Trakai, Kęstutis’s older seat and Vytautas’s birthplace.
Galvė	gal-VĖ	[ɡɐlʲˈvʲeː]	„gahl-VAY“	Lake of the Trakai Island Castle.
Krėva	KRĖ-va	[ˈkrʲeːvɐ]	„KRAY-vah“	The castle where Kęstutis died. Belarusian Kreva, Polish Krewo. The docs mix Kreva, Krewa and Krewo; use Krėva in English docs too.
Palanga	pa-lan-GA	[pɐɫɐŋˈɡɐ]	„pah-lahn-GAH“	Birutė’s shore. End-stressed in the nominative.
Birutės kalnas	bi-RU-tės KAL-nas	[bʲɪˈrʊtʲeːs ˈkaːɫnɐs]	„bih-ROO-tays KAHL-nahs“	Birutė’s Hill at Palanga [Historical record as tradition].
Šventaragis	šven-ta-RA-gis	[ʃvʲɛntɐˈraːɡʲɪs]	„shven-tah-RAH-gis“	The sacred valley at Vilnius under the castle hill, named for the legendary prince Šventaragis (šventas „holy“ + ragas „horn“). 16th-century chronicle legend.
Gedimino kalnas	ge-DI-mi-no KAL-nas	[ɡʲɛˈdʲɪmʲɪno ˈkaːɫnɐs]	„geh-DIH-mih-noh KAHL-nahs“	Vilnius castle hill.
Kreivoji pilis	krei-VO-ji pi-LIS	[krʲɛɪˈvoːjɪ pʲɪˈlʲɪs]	„kray-VOH-yih pih-LIS“	The Crooked Castle of Vilnius, burned in 1390.
Kaunas	KAU-nas	[ˈkɐʊnɐs]	„KOW-nahs“	Destroyed by the Order at Easter 1362. The locative is end-stressed: Kaunè.
Kernavė	ker-na-VĖ	[kʲɛrnɐˈvʲeː]	„ker-nah-VAY“	Old ducal centre on the Neris.
Žemaitija	že-MAI-ti-ja	[ʒʲɛˈmɐɪtʲɪjɐ]	„zheh-MYE-tih-yah“	Samogitia, „the lowland“ (žemas „low“). People: žemaičiai (že-MAI-čiai).
Aukštaitija	aukš-TAI-ti-ja	[ɐʊkʃˈtɐɪtʲɪjɐ]	„owksh-TYE-tih-yah“	„The highland“ (aukštas „high“), the Lithuanian core east of the Nevėžis.
Dubysa	du-by-SA	[dʊbʲiːˈsɐ]	„doo-bee-SAH“	River; Treaty of Dubysa, 31 Oct 1382. Often linked to dubus „deep, hollow“.
Nevėžis	ne-VĖ-žis	[nʲɛˈvʲeːʒʲɪs]	„neh-VAY-zhis“	River; the 1384 Königsberg border.
Nemunas	NE-mu-nas	[ˈnʲæːmʊnɐs]	„NEH-moo-nahs“	The Neman (German Memel).
Neris	ne-RIS	[nʲɛˈrʲɪs]	„neh-RIS“	Vilnius’s river (Belarusian Viliya). Often linked to nerti „to dive“.
Vilnia	VIL-nia	[ˈvʲɪlʲnʲɛ]	„VIL-nyah“	The small river that gives Vilnius its name (also Vilnelė).
Jurbarkas	JUR-bar-kas	[ˈjʊrbɐrkɐs]	„YOOR-bahr-kahs“	German Georgenburg („George’s castle“); burned by Vytautas in July 1384.
Ragainė	ra-gai-NĖ	[rɐɡɐɪˈnʲeː]	„rah-guy-NAY“	Order castle Ragnit on the Nemunas.
Marienburgas	ma-ri-en-BUR-gas	[mɐrʲɪɛnˈbʊrɡɐs]	„mah-ryen-BOOR-gahs“	German Marienburg [maˈʁiːənbʊʁk], „Mary’s castle“; Polish Malbork [ˈmalbɔrk]. Lithuanian also Malborkas.
Tepliava	TEP-lia-va	[ˈtʲæːplʲɛvɐ]	„TEP-lyah-vah“	German Tapiau [ˈtaːpi̯aʊ], where Vytautas was baptised on 21 Oct 1383.
Karaliaučius	ka-ra-LIAU-čius	[kɐrɐˈlʲæʊtʃʲʊs]	„kah-rah-LYOW-chyoos“	Königsberg, „the king’s town“; Treaty of Königsberg, 30 Jan 1384.
Įsrūtis	įs-RŪ-tis	[iːsˈruːtʲɪs]	„ees-ROO-tis“	German Insterburg.
Klaipėda	KLAI-pė-da	[ˈkɫɐɪpʲeːdɐ]	„KLYE-pay-dah“	German Memel, the Order’s castle at the Curonian Lagoon’s mouth.
Rambynas	ram-BY-nas	[rɐmˈbʲiːnɐs]	„rahm-BEE-nahs“	Sacred hill on the lower Nemunas (German Rombinus).
Šatrija	ŠAT-ri-ja	[ˈʃaːtrʲɪjɐ]	„SHAHT-rih-yah“	Samogitian hill, in folklore a witches‘ gathering place.
Medininkai	me-di-NIN-kai	[mʲɛdʲɪˈnʲɪŋkɐɪ]	„meh-dih-NIN-kye“	Two places: a castle east of Vilnius, and Samogitian Medininkai (Varniai).
Varniai	VAR-niai	[ˈvarʲnʲɛɪ]	„VAR-nyay“	Samogitian bishop’s seat after 1417.
Dovydiškės	do-VY-diš-kės	[doˈviːdʲɪʃkʲeːs]	„doh-VEE-dish-kays“	Treaty of Dovydiškės, 31 May 1380 (Dovydiškių sutartis). The site is not securely identified.
Astravas	AS-tra-vas	[ˈaːstrɐvɐs]	„AHS-trah-vahs“	Polish Ostrów: the Agreement of 4–5 Aug 1392 (Astravo sutartis). The brief’s Ostrovas is a Slavic-shaped variant; standard Lithuanian historiography writes Astravas.
Vorskla	VOR-skla	[ˈvoːrsklɐ]	„VOR-sklah“	River in Ukraine (Ukrainian [ˈwɔrsklɐ]); battle on 12 Aug 1399.
Žalgiris	žal-GI-ris	[ʒɐlʲˈɡʲɪrʲɪs]	„zhahl-GIH-ris“	Grunwald (Polish [ˈɡrunvalt]; German Tannenberg), 15 July 1410. Lithuanian calque of „green wood“ (žalia giria).
Luckas	LUC-kas	[ˈɫʊtskɐs]	„LOOTS-kahs“	Lutsk (Ukrainian Lutsk [ɫut͡sʲk]; Polish Łuck); the Congress of 1429.
Ašmena	AŠ-me-na	[ˈaːʃmʲɛnɐ]	„AHSH-meh-nah“	Belarusian Ashmyany, Polish Oszmiana; Žygimantas’s coup of 1 Sep 1432.
Naugardukas	nau-gar-DU-kas	[nɐʊɡɐrˈdʊkɐs]	„now-gahr-DOO-kahs“	Navahrudak, Black Ruthenia.
Lyda	LY-da	[ˈlʲiːdɐ]	„LEE-dah“	Lida, castle south-west of Vilnius.
Gardinas	GAR-di-nas	[ˈɡaːrdʲɪnɐs]	„GAHR-dih-nahs“	Grodno, Vytautas’s seat from 1384.
Brasta	BRAS-ta	[ˈbraːstɐ]	„BRAHS-tah“	Brest.
Polockas	PO-loc-kas	[ˈpoːɫɔtskɐs]	„POH-lots-kahs“	Polotsk.
Vitebskas	VI-tebs-kas	[ˈvʲɪtʲɛpskɐs]	„VIH-teps-kahs“	Vitebsk.
Smolenskas	smo-LENS-kas	[smoˈlʲænskɐs]	„smoh-LENS-kahs“	Smolensk.
Kijevas	KI-je-vas	[ˈkʲɪjɛvɐs]	„KIH-yeh-vahs“	Kyiv.
Krokuva	kro-ku-VA	[krokʊˈvɐ]	„kroh-koo-VAH“	Kraków (Polish [ˈkrakuf]).
Ryga	ry-GA	[rʲiːˈɡɐ]	„ree-GAH“	Riga.
Prūsija	PRŪ-si-ja	[ˈpruːsʲɪjɐ]	„PROO-sih-yah“	Prussia.
Livonija	li-VO-ni-ja	[lʲɪˈvoːnʲɪjɐ]	„lih-VOH-nih-yah“	Livonia.
Mazovija	ma-ZO-vi-ja	[mɐˈzoːvʲɪjɐ]	„mah-ZOH-vih-yah“	Masovia.
Romuva	RO-mu-va	[ˈroːmʊvɐ]	„ROH-moo-vah“	Peter von Dusburg’s Romowe in Nadruvia; under the Order since the 1270s–80s. Not a Book I location.
Ukmergė	UK-mer-gė	[ˈʊkmʲɛrʲɡʲeː]	„OOK-mer-gay“	Polish Wiłkomierz.
Pabaiskas	pa-BAIS-kas	[pɐˈbɐɪskɐs]	„pah-BICE-kahs“	Battle of 1 Sep 1435.
Šventoji	šven-TO-ji	[ʃvʲɛnˈtoːjɪ]	„shven-TOH-yih“	„The holy (river)“; its mouth lies near Palanga.
Strėva	STRĖ-va	[ˈstrʲeːvɐ]	„STRAY-vah“	Battle of Strėva, 2 Feb 1348.
Salynas	sa-LY-nas	[sɐˈlʲiːnɐs]	„sah-LEE-nahs“	Treaty of Salynas, 12 Oct 1398.

12. Terms of the saga¶

Magic, cosmology, ranks and kinship.

Lithuanian spelling	Stress	IPA	Sounds like	Notes
Senovės Kalba	se-NO-vės kal-BA	[sʲɛˈnoːvʲeːs kɐɫˈbɐ]	„seh-NOH-vays kahl-BAH“	[The saga’s invention] „The Ancient Speech“, the craft of asking.
Senovės Sutartis	se-NO-vės su-tar-TIS	[sʲɛˈnoːvʲeːs sʊtɐrˈtʲɪs]	„seh-NOH-vays soo-tahr-TIS“	[The saga’s invention] The Ancient Pact rite (Magic rules §6).
Tylioji Sutartis	ty-LIO-ji su-tar-TIS	[tʲiːˈlʲoːjɪ sʊtɐrˈtʲɪs]	„tee-LYOH-yih soo-tahr-TIS“	[The saga’s invention] The Silent Pact of 1345.
Atsaistymas	at-SAIS-ty-mas	[ɐtˈsɐɪstʲiːmɐs]	„aht-SICE-tee-mahs“	[The saga’s invention] The Unbinding (Cosmology §4.3).
slaptas vardas	SLAP-tas VAR-das	[ˈsɫaːptɐs ˈvarˑdɐs]	„SLAHP-tahs VAR-dahs“	[The saga’s invention] The true name a mother whispers at birth.
Penkių Balsų Šauksmas	pen-KIŲ bal-SŲ ŠAUKS-mas	[pʲɛŋˈkʲuː bɐɫˈsuː ˈʃɐʊksmɐs]	„pen-KYOO bahl-SOO SHOWKS-mahs“	[The saga’s invention] The Five-Voice invocation (Magic rules §4.2).
Žymė	žy-MĖ	[ʒʲiːˈmʲeː]	„zhee-MAY“	[The saga’s invention term] A Force’s claim, „mark“.
Sandėris	san-DĖ-ris	[sɐnˈdʲeːrʲɪs]	„sahn-DAY-ris“	[The saga’s invention term] A bargain with the Shadow-Seller.
laidas	LAI-das	[ˈɫɐɪdɐs]	„LYE-dahs“	[The saga’s invention term] Surety in a Sutartis (Magic rules §4.3).
Prigimtis	pri-gim-TIS	[prʲɪɡʲɪmʲˈtʲɪs]	„prih-gim-TIS“	„Nature, birth“: the born path to Kalba.
Pažymėtas	pa-žy-MĖ-tas	[pɐʒʲiːˈmʲeːtɐs]	„pah-zhee-MAY-tahs“	„Noticed“: the second path to Kalba.
Surištas	SU-riš-tas	[ˈsʊrʲɪʃtɐs]	„SOO-rish-tahs“	„Bound“: the third path to Kalba (Vytautas’s).
Dagotuvės	da-go-TU-vės	[dɐɡoˈtʊvʲeːs]	„dah-goh-TOO-vays“	Harvest-end feast; Žemyna’s zenith in the saga.
Rasos	RA-sos	[ˈraːsos]	„RAH-sohs“	Midsummer, „the dews“ (rasa „dew“). Gabija’s zenith.
Joninės	JO-ni-nės	[ˈjoːnʲɪnʲeːs]	„YOH-nih-nays“	St John’s Eve, the Christian name for Midsummer.
Kūčios	KŪ-čios	[ˈkuːtʃʲos]	„KOO-chohs“	Christmas Eve supper; the saga’s winter-solstice night (Praurimė’s zenith). From kūčia, the ritual grain dish (Slavic kutia).
Kalėdos	ka-LĖ-dos	[kɐˈlʲeːdos]	„kah-LAY-dohs“	Christmas; from Slavic koliada (from Latin calendae).
Vėlinės	VĖ-li-nės	[ˈvʲeːlʲɪnʲeːs]	„VAY-lih-nays“	Feast of the dead (All Souls, 2 Nov); Vėjopatis’s zenith in the saga.
Ilgės	IL-gės	[ˈɪlʲɡʲeːs]	„IL-gays“	Old name for the autumn commemoration of the dead.
Užgavėnės	už-ga-VĖ-nės	[ʊʒɡɐˈvʲeːnʲeːs]	„oozh-gah-VAY-nays“	Shrovetide, „before the fast“.
Pusiaugavėnis	pu-siau-ga-VĖ-nis	[pʊsʲæʊɡɐˈvʲeːnʲɪs]	„poo-syow-gah-VAY-nis“	Mid-Lent.
Velykos	ve-LY-kos	[vʲɛˈlʲiːkos]	„veh-LEE-kohs“	Easter; from Slavic velikŭ dĭnĭ „great day“.
Jorė	JO-rė	[ˈjoːrʲeː]	„YOH-ray“	Spring greening feast near St George’s Day; a modern Romuva name.
Jurginės	JUR-gi-nės	[ˈjʊrɡʲɪnʲeːs]	„YOOR-gih-nays“	St George’s Day, 23 Apr.
Sekminės	SEK-mi-nės	[ˈsʲækʲmʲɪnʲeːs]	„SEK-mih-nays“	Pentecost.
Žolinė	žo-LI-nė	[ʒoˈlʲɪnʲeː]	„zhoh-LIH-nay“	The Assumption, 15 Aug, „the herb feast“ (žolė „grass, herb“). Kęstutis died on this day.
Šilinė	ši-LI-nė	[ʃɪˈlʲɪnʲeː]	„shih-LIH-nay“	Nativity of Mary, 8 Sept.
Grabnyčios	grab-NY-čios	[ɡrɐbˈnʲiːtʃʲos]	„grahb-NEE-chohs“	Candlemas, 2 Feb; from Slavic gromnica „thunder candle“.
Mykolinės	MY-ko-li-nės	[ˈmʲiːkolʲɪnʲeːs]	„MEE-koh-lih-nays“	Michaelmas, 29 Sept.
Lygiadienis	ly-GIA-die-nis	[lʲiːˈɡʲæːdʲiɛnʲɪs]	„lee-GYAH-dyeh-nis“	Equinox („equal day“).
Saulėgrįža	sau-LĖ-grį-ža	[sɐʊˈlʲeːɡrʲiːʒɐ]	„sow-LAY-gree-zhah“	Solstice („sun’s return“).
Pusiaukojis	pu-SIAU-ko-jis	[pʊˈsʲæʊkojɪs]	„poo-SYOW-koh-yis“	The magic doc’s name for the spring equinox. It is not an attested Lithuanian word. Its stress is a guess. Consider Pavasario lygiadienis.
Dausos	DAU-sos	[ˈdɐʊsos]	„DOW-sohs“	The afterlife meadow beyond the Glass Mountain.
Anapilis	a-na-PI-lis	[ɐnɐˈpʲɪlʲɪs]	„ah-nah-PIH-lis“	„The castle beyond“, the underworld.
Požemis	PO-že-mis	[ˈpoːʒʲɛmʲɪs]	„POH-zheh-mis“	The under-earth.
Pasaulio Medis	pa-SAU-lio ME-dis	[pɐˈsɐʊlʲo ˈmʲædʲɪs]	„pah-SOW-lyoh MEH-dis“	The World Tree.
Dangus	dan-GUS	[dɐnˈɡʊs]	„dahn-GOOS“	The sky, heaven.
Stiklo Kalnas	STIK-lo KAL-nas	[ˈstʲɪkɫo ˈkaːɫnɐs]	„STIK-loh KAHL-nahs“	The Glass Mountain the dead must climb.
Paukščių Takas	PAUKŠ-čių TA-kas	[ˈpɐʊkʃtʃʲuː ˈtaːkɐs]	„POWKSH-choo TAH-kahs“	The Milky Way, „the Birds‘ Way“.
Sietynas	sie-TY-nas	[sʲiɛˈtʲiːnɐs]	„syeh-TEE-nahs“	The Pleiades („the sieve“), folk astronomy for the Star-Readers.
Grįžulo Ratai	GRĮ-žu-lo RA-tai	[ˈɡrʲiːʒʊlo ˈraːtɐɪ]	„GREE-zhoo-loh RAH-tye“	The Plough or Big Dipper, „the wagon of the returner“.
Vakarinė	va-ka-RI-nė	[vɐkɐˈrʲɪnʲeː]	„vah-kah-RIH-nay“	The Evening Star.
Marios	MA-rios	[ˈmaːrʲos]	„MAH-ryohs“	The lagoon or sea (Kuršių marios, the Curonian Lagoon).
alkas	AL-kas	[ˈaːɫkɐs]	„AHL-kahs“	Sacred grove or hill. Plural alkai.
krivis	KRI-vis	[ˈkrʲɪvʲɪs]	„KRIH-vis“	High priest; Dusburg’s Criwe. Also Krivė. Krivių Krivaitis is „krivis of krivises“.
krivulė	kri-VU-lė	[krʲɪˈvʊlʲeː]	„krih-VOO-lay“	The krivis’s crooked staff, sent round as a summons.
žynys	žy-NYS	[ʒʲiːˈnʲiːs]	„zhee-NEES“	Priest or seer, „knower“ (žinoti „to know“). Plural žyniai (žy-NIAI).
vaidila	vai-DI-la	[vɐɪˈdʲɪɫɐ]	„vye-DIH-lah“	Pagan priest-bard (Prussian Waidelotte in Order sources).
vaidilutė	vai-di-LU-tė	[vɐɪdʲɪˈɫʊtʲeː]	„vye-dih-LOO-tay“	Priestess of the eternal flame. Plural vaidilutės. The word is largely a 19th-century romantic coinage.
burtininkas	bur-TI-nin-kas	[bʊrˈtʲɪnʲɪŋkɐs]	„boor-TIH-nin-kahs“	Diviner, caster of lots (burtai). Plural burtininkai.
Dykra	dyk-RA	[dʲiːkˈrɐ]	„deek-RAH“	The wild swamp-forest belt; from dykas „empty“. Historians‘ German term: Wildnis.
Amžinoji Ugnis	am-ži-NO-ji ug-NIS	[ɐmʒʲɪˈnoːjɪ ʊɡˈnʲɪs]	„ahm-zhih-NOH-yih oog-NIS“	The Eternal Flame.
Šventasis akmuo	šven-TA-sis ak-MUO	[ʃvʲɛnˈtaːsʲɪs ɐkˈmʊɔ]	„shven-TAH-sis ahk-MWOH“	The holy stone.
piliakalnis	pi-LIA-kal-nis	[pʲɪˈlʲæːkɐɫnʲɪs]	„pih-LYAH-kahl-nis“	Hillfort mound. Plural piliakalniai.
Geležinis Vilkas	ge-le-ŽI-nis VIL-kas	[ɡʲɛlʲɛˈʒʲɪnʲɪs ˈvʲɪlʲkɐs]	„geh-leh-ZHIH-nis VIL-kahs“	The Iron Wolf of Gediminas’s dream.
Vytis	VY-tis	[ˈviːtʲɪs]	„VEE-tis“	The mounted knight of the arms. In narration, never the man.
Gedimino stulpai	ge-DI-mi-no STUL-pai	[ɡʲɛˈdʲɪmʲɪno ˈstʊlʲpɐɪ]	„geh-DIH-mih-noh STOOL-pye“	The Columns of Gediminas, the dynastic sign.
kunigaikštis	ku-ni-GAIKŠ-tis	[kʊnʲɪˈɡɐɪkʃtʲɪs]	„koo-nih-GUYKSH-tis“	Duke, prince. Didysis kunigaikštis (di-DY-sis) is „Grand Duke“.
bajoras	ba-JO-ras	[bɐˈjoːrɐs]	„bah-YOH-rahs“	Boyar, noble. Plural bajorai.
dėdė	DĖ-dė	[ˈdʲeːdʲeː]	„DAY-day“	A masculine noun ending in -ė.
sūnėnas	sū-NĖ-nas	[suːˈnʲeːnɐs]	„soo-NAY-nahs“	Nephew (brother’s son). Plural sūnėnai.
pusbrolis	PUS-bro-lis	[ˈpʊsbrolʲɪs]	„POOS-broh-lis“	Cousin, „half-brother“ in form. Plural pusbroliai.
uošvis	UOŠ-vis	[ˈuɔʃvʲɪs]	„WOHSH-vis“	Father-in-law (spouse’s father).
anyta	a-NY-ta	[ɐˈnʲiːtɐ]	„ah-NEE-tah“	Mother-in-law (husband’s mother).
Gintaro Šventikai	GIN-ta-ro šven-TI-kai	[ˈɡʲɪntɐro ʃvʲɛnˈtʲɪkɐɪ]	„GIN-tah-roh shven-TIH-kye“	Amber Priests lineage (magic doc). Ch. 31 calls it Gintaro Žyniai, so the name needs unifying.
Miško Šnibždeliai	MIŠ-ko šnibž-DE-liai	[ˈmʲɪʃko ʃnʲɪbʒˈdʲæːlʲɛɪ]	„MISH-koh shnibzh-DEH-lyay“	Forest Whisperers lineage. Šnibždeliai is a coinage; the stress is a guess.
Vėjo Kalbėtojai	VĖ-jo kal-BĖ-to-jai	[ˈvʲeːjo kɐɫˈbʲeːtojɐɪ]	„VAY-yoh kahl-BAY-toh-yigh“	Wind Speakers lineage.
Ugnies Gynėjai	ug-NIES gy-NĖ-jai	[ʊɡˈnʲiɛs ɡʲiːˈnʲeːjɐɪ]	„oog-NYES gee-NAY-yigh“	Fire Guardians lineage.
Žvaigždžių Skaitovai	žvaigž-DŽIŲ skai-TO-vai	[ʒvɐɪɡʒˈdʒʲuː skɐɪˈtoːvɐɪ]	„zhvighzh-JOO skye-TOH-vye“	Star Readers lineage.
Regėjimo Aiška	re-GĖ-ji-mo AIŠ-ka	[rʲɛˈɡʲeːjɪmo ˈɐɪʃkɐ]	„reh-GAY-yih-moh ISH-kah“	Clear Sight (Stars boon). Aiška is not a standard noun (standard aiškumas). It reads as an archaic coinage.
Sielos Šarvas	SIE-los ŠAR-vas	[ˈsʲiɛlos ˈʃarˑvɐs]	„SYEH-lohs SHAR-vahs“	Soul Armour (Fire boon).
Gyvybės Versmė	gy-VY-bės vers-MĖ	[ɡʲiːˈvʲiːbʲeːs vʲɛrsʲˈmʲeː]	„gee-VEE-bays vers-MAY“	Life Spring (Water boon).
Nepajudinamoji Valia	ne-pa-JU-di-na-mo-ji va-LIA	[nʲɛpɐˈjʊdʲɪnɐmojɪ vɐˈlʲæ]	„neh-pah-YOO-dih-nah-moh-yih vah-LYAH“	Unmovable Will (Earth boon).
Šešėlio Greitis	še-ŠĖ-lio GREI-tis	[ʃɛˈʃeːlʲo ˈɡrʲɛɪtʲɪs]	„sheh-SHAY-lyoh GRAY-tis“	Shadow Speed (Wind boon).
Saulutė	sau-LU-tė	[sɐʊˈɫʊtʲeː]	„sow-LOO-tay“	Sun-wheel sign (power_systems).
Perkūnėlis	per-kū-NĖ-lis	[pʲɛrkuːˈnʲeːlʲɪs]	„per-koo-NAY-lis“	Thunder-cross sign. Use this, not the Latvian Pērkonkrusts.
Laimos medis	LAI-mos ME-dis	[ˈɫɐɪmos ˈmʲædʲɪs]	„LYE-mohs MEH-dis“	Laima’s tree sign.
Žirgeliai	žir-GE-liai	[ʒʲɪrˈɡʲæːlʲɛɪ]	„zhir-GEH-lyay“	Carved horse-heads on the roof ridge.
Mėnulio pjautuvas	mė-NU-lio PJAU-tu-vas	[mʲeːˈnʊlʲo ˈpjɐʊtʊvɐs]	„may-NOO-lyoh PYOW-too-vahs“	Moon-sickle sign.

13. The five incantations, the Laws and the vows¶

[The saga’s invention]. The formula is [Element] tau/man [verb] (Magic rules §3.1). Tau and man are unstressed clitics; give them no weight.

Lithuanian spelling	Stress	IPA	Sounds like	Notes
Žvaigždės tau švytės	ŽVAIGŽ-dės tau švy-TĖS	[ˈʒvɐɪɡʒdʲeːs tɐʊ ʃvʲiːˈtʲeːs]	„ZHVIGHZH-days tow shvee-TAYS“	Stars (Praurimė). „The stars will shine for you.“ Self-cast: Žvaigždės man švytės.
Ugnis tau degs	ug-NIS tau DEGS	[ʊɡˈnʲɪs tɐʊ ˈdʲɛks]	„oog-NIS tow DEKS“	Fire (Gabija). „Fire will burn for you.“ Final -gs is devoiced to „ks“. Self-cast: Ugnis man degs.
Vanduo tau teks	van-DUO tau TEKS	[vɐnˈdʊɔ tɐʊ ˈtʲɛks]	„vahn-DWOH tow TEKS“	Water (Bangpūtys). Teks is the future of tekti „to fall to one’s lot“, not of tekėti „to flow“ (future tekės). Literally „water shall be your portion“. Self-cast: Vanduo man teks.
Žemė tau laikys	ŽE-mė tau lai-KYS	[ˈʒʲæːmʲeː tɐʊ ɫɐɪˈkʲiːs]	„ZHEH-may tow lye-KEES“	Earth (Žemyna). „Earth will hold (it) for you.“ Self-cast: Žemė man laikys.
Vėjas tau neš	VĖ-jas tau NEŠ	[ˈvʲeːjɐs tɐʊ ˈnʲɛʃ]	„VAY-yahs tow NESH“	Wind (Vėjopatis). „Wind will carry (it) for you.“ Self-cast: Vėjas man neš.
Kiek paimi, tiek atiduok	kiek pai-MI, tiek a-ti-DUOK	[kʲiɛk pɐɪˈmʲɪ tʲiɛk ɐtʲɪˈdʊɔk]	„kyek pye-MIH, tyek ah-tih-DWOHK“	Law of Balance: „What you take, give back.“ (The magic doc’s paimai is the past tense; ch. 31 and magic_rules use paimi.)
Tiesa galingesnė už bet kokį burtą	tie-SA ga-lin-GES-nė už bet ko-KĮ BUR-tą	[tʲiɛˈsɐ ɡɐlʲɪŋˈɡʲæsʲnʲeː ʊʒ bʲɛt koˈkʲiː ˈbʊrtaː]	„tyeh-SAH gah-lin-GES-nay oozh bet koh-KEE BOOR-tah“	Law of Truth: „Truth is stronger than any spell.“
Atmintis amžina	at-min-TIS AM-ži-na	[ɐtmʲɪnʲˈtʲɪs ˈaːmʒʲɪnɐ]	„aht-min-TIS AHM-zhih-nah“	Law of Memory: „Memory is eternal.“
Jo skola — mano skola	jo sko-LA, MA-no sko-LA	[jo skoˈɫɐ ˈmaːno skoˈɫɐ]	„yoh skoh-LAH, MAH-noh skoh-LAH“	Birutė’s surety vow: „His debt is my debt.“
Kol aš gyvas, paskutinė ugnis neužges	kol aš GY-vas, pas-ku-TI-nė ug-NIS ne-už-GES	[koɫ ɐʃ ˈɡʲiːvɐs pɐskʊˈtʲɪnʲeː ʊɡˈnʲɪs nʲɛʊʒˈɡʲæs]	„kohl ahsh GEE-vahs, pahs-koo-TIH-nay oog-NIS neh-oozh-GES“	Vytautas’s vow: „While I live, the last fire will not go out.“

14. House words and sayings¶

[The saga’s invention], except where that file marks a saying as [Historical record].

Lithuanian spelling	Stress	IPA	Sounds like	Notes
Audra neprašo leidimo	au-DRA ne-PRA-šo LEI-di-mo	[ɐʊˈdrɐ nʲɛˈpraːʃo ˈlʲɛɪdʲɪmo]	„ow-DRAH neh-PRAH-shoh LAY-dih-moh“	„The storm does not ask leave.“
Darbas nekalba	DAR-bas ne-kal-BA	[ˈdarˑbɐs nʲɛkɐɫˈbɐ]	„DAR-bahs neh-kahl-BAH“	„Work does not talk.“
Duotas žodis nerūdija	DUO-tas ŽO-dis ne-RŪ-di-ja	[ˈdʊɔtɐs ˈʒoːdʲɪs nʲɛˈruːdʲɪjɐ]	„DWOH-tahs ZHOH-dis neh-ROO-dih-yah“	„A given word does not rust.“
Jūra atsimena	JŪ-ra at-SI-me-na	[ˈjuːrɐ ɐtˈsʲɪmʲɛnɐ]	„YOO-rah aht-SIH-meh-nah“	„The sea remembers.“
Kas atsimena, tas valdo	kas at-SI-me-na, tas VAL-do	[kɐs ɐtˈsʲɪmʲɛnɐ tɐs ˈvaːɫdo]	„kahs aht-SIH-meh-nah, tahs VAHL-doh“	„Who remembers, rules.“
Kol staugia vilkas, stovi miestas	kol STAU-gia VIL-kas, STO-vi MIES-tas	[koɫ ˈstɐʊɡʲɛ ˈvʲɪlʲkɐs ˈstoːvʲɪ ˈmʲiɛstɐs]	„kohl STOW-gyah VIL-kahs, STOH-vih MYES-tahs“	„While the wolf howls, the city stands.“
Pirmasis kraujas neužmiršta	pir-MA-sis KRAU-jas ne-už-MIRŠ-ta	[pʲɪrˈmaːsʲɪs ˈkrɐʊjɐs nʲɛʊʒˈmʲɪrʃtɐ]	„pir-MAH-sis KROW-yahs neh-oozh-MIRSH-tah“	„First blood does not forget.“
Tyla toliau nueina	ty-LA to-LIAU NU-ei-na	[tʲiːˈɫɐ toˈlʲæʊ ˈnʊɛɪnɐ]	„tee-LAH toh-LYOW NOO-ay-nah“	„Silence goes further.“

15. Iron Wolves, the bestiary and everyday words¶

Words used by the newer world docs. Plurals as used there.

Lithuanian spelling	Stress	IPA	Sounds like	Notes
Vilkų Tėvas	vil-KŲ TĖ-vas	[vʲɪlʲˈkuː ˈtʲeːvɐs]	„vil-KOO TAY-vahs“	[The saga’s invention] „Father of Wolves“. Vilkų (genitive plural of vilkas) is end-stressed. Avoid „VIL-koo“.
Vilkų Motina	vil-KŲ MO-ti-na	[vʲɪlʲˈkuː ˈmoːtʲɪnɐ]	„vil-KOO MOH-tih-nah“	[The saga’s invention] „Mother of Wolves“.
vilkų vyresnysis	vil-KŲ vy-res-NY-sis	[vʲɪlʲˈkuː viːrʲɛsʲˈnʲiːsʲɪs]	„vil-KOO vee-res-NEE-sis“	[The saga’s invention] „Pack-elder“ (Jonas’s rank).
kailio vardas	KAI-lio VAR-das	[ˈkɐɪlʲo ˈvarˑdɐs]	„KYE-lyoh VAR-dahs“	[The saga’s invention] „Skin-name“, a wolf’s public nickname.
gauja	gau-JA	[ɡɐʊˈjɐ]	„gow-YAH“	Pack.
Brolija	bro-LI-ja	[broˈlʲɪjɐ]	„broh-LIH-yah“	Brotherhood.
Dievo šunys	DIE-vo ŠU-nys	[ˈdʲiɛvo ˈʃʊnʲiːs]	„DYEH-voh SHOO-nees“	„God’s hounds“ (Latin Domini canes).
kūlgrinda	kūl-GRIN-da	[kuːlʲˈɡʲrʲɪndɐ]	„kool-GRIN-dah“	Hidden stone causeway through a bog.
Paskutinė žarija	pas-ku-TI-nė ža-RI-ja	[pɐskʊˈtʲɪnʲeː ʒɐˈrʲɪjɐ]	„pahs-koo-TIH-nay zhah-RIH-yah“	„The last ember“.
geležinė valanda	ge-le-ŽI-nė va-lan-DA	[ɡʲɛlʲɛˈʒʲɪnʲeː vɐɫɐnˈdɐ]	„geh-leh-ZHIH-nay vah-lahn-DAH“	„The iron hour“.
šermenys	ŠER-me-nys	[ˈʃʲærʲmʲɛnʲiːs]	„SHER-meh-nees“	Wake for the dead.
Rūdis	RŪ-dis	[ˈruːdʲɪs]	„ROO-dis“	[The saga’s invention] A wolf’s skin-name („Rust“).
Kirmėlė	kir-mė-LĖ	[kʲɪrʲmʲeːˈlʲeː]	„kir-may-LAY“	[The saga’s invention] A wolf’s skin-name („Worm“).
Kalvis	KAL-vis	[ˈkaːɫvʲɪs]	„KAHL-vis“	„Smith“; a skin-name.
barstukai	bars-TU-kai	[bɐrsˈtʊkɐɪ]	„bahrs-TOO-kye“	Little underground folk.
barzdukai	barz-DU-kai	[bɐrzˈdʊkɐɪ]	„bahrz-DOO-kye“	„Little bearded ones“, household dwarfs.
Puškaitis	puš-KAI-tis	[pʊʃˈkɐɪtʲɪs]	„poosh-KYE-tis“	Elder-bush spirit (Prussian Puschkayt).
slibinas	SLI-bi-nas	[ˈsʲlʲɪbʲɪnɐs]	„SLIH-bih-nahs“	Dragon.
smakas	SMA-kas	[ˈsmaːkɐs]	„SMAH-kahs“	Dragon (from Slavic smok).
undinė	un-DI-nė	[ʊnˈdʲɪnʲeː]	„oon-DIH-nay“	Water-maiden. Plural undinės.
jūrų mergelės	JŪ-rų mer-GE-lės	[ˈjuːruː mʲɛrˈɡʲæːlʲeːs]	„YOO-roo mer-GEH-lays“	„Sea maidens“.
girinis	gi-RI-nis	[ɡʲɪˈrʲɪnʲɪs]	„gih-RIH-nis“	Forest spirit (also miškinis, miš-KI-nis).
maumas	MAU-mas	[ˈmɐʊmɐs]	„MOW-mahs“	Bogeyman.
didysis baublys	di-DY-sis baub-LYS	[dʲɪˈdʲiːsʲɪs bɐʊbˈlʲiːs]	„dih-DEE-sis bowb-LEES“	„The great boomer“, a swamp monster (the bittern’s cry).
klystžolė	KLYST-žo-lė	[ˈklʲiːstʒolʲeː]	„KLEEST-zhoh-lay“	„Stray-grass“, which makes travellers lose their way (also paklydimo žolė).
laumės juosta	LAU-mės JUOS-ta	[ˈɫɐʊmʲeːs ˈjʊɔstɐ]	„LOW-mays YWOHS-tah“	„The laumė’s sash“, the rainbow.
Neringa	ne-RIN-ga	[nʲɛˈrʲɪŋɡɐ]	„neh-RIN-gah“	Giantess of the Curonian Spit legend.
velniukai	vel-NIU-kai	[vʲɛlʲˈnʲʊkɐɪ]	„vel-NYOO-kye“	Little devils.
kadagys	ka-da-GYS	[kɐdɐˈɡʲiːs]	„kah-dah-GEES“	Juniper (ward against spirits).
šermukšnis	šer-MUKŠ-nis	[ʃʲɛrˈmʊkʃnʲɪs]	„sher-MOOKSH-nis“	Rowan.
šeivamedis	šei-VA-me-dis	[ʃʲɛɪˈvaːmʲɛdʲɪs]	„shay-VAH-meh-dis“	Elder bush (Puškaitis’s home).
grabnyčių žvakė	grab-NY-čių ŽVA-kė	[ɡrɐbˈnʲiːtʃʲuː ˈʒvaːkʲeː]	„grahb-NEE-choo ZHVAH-kay“	Candlemas „thunder candle“.
Margiris	MAR-gi-ris	[ˈmarˑɡʲɪrʲɪs]	„MAR-gih-ris“	Defender of Pilėnai (1336), who burned the fort rather than surrender.
Teliavelis	te-LIA-ve-lis	[tʲɛˈlʲæːvʲɛlʲɪs]	„teh-LYAH-veh-lis“	The smith-god who forged the sun (1261 Malalas gloss).
vitingai	vi-TIN-gai	[vʲɪˈtʲɪŋɡɐɪ]	„vih-TING-gye“	Prussian free warrior-vassals (German Witinge).
seniūnai	se-NIŪ-nai	[sʲɛˈnʲuːnɐɪ]	„seh-NYOO-nye“	Village or district elders.
Ponų taryba	PO-nų ta-RY-ba	[ˈpoːnuː tɐˈrʲiːbɐ]	„POH-noo tah-REE-bah“	Council of lords (15th century).
Karaimai	ka-RAI-mai	[kɐˈrɐɪmɐɪ]	„kah-RYE-mye“	The Karaim of Trakai.
Rusėnai	ru-SĖ-nai	[rʊˈsʲeːnɐɪ]	„roo-SAY-nye“	Ruthenians.
Totoriai	TO-to-riai	[ˈtoːtorʲɛɪ]	„TOH-toh-ryay“	Tatars.
Prūsai	PRŪ-sai	[ˈpruːsɐɪ]	„PROO-sye“	Prussians (the Baltic people).
Kuršiai	KUR-šiai	[ˈkʊrʃʲɛɪ]	„KOOR-shyay“	Curonians.
kryžiuočiai	kry-ŽIUO-čiai	[kʲrʲiːˈʒʲʊɔtʃʲɛɪ]	„kree-ZHWOH-chyay“	„Cross-bearers“, the Teutonic Knights.
nuometas	NUO-me-tas	[ˈnʊɔmʲɛtɐs]	„NWOH-meh-tahs“	Married woman’s linen head-veil.
vyžos	VY-žos	[ˈviːʒos]	„VEE-zhohs“	Bast shoes.
sermėga	ser-MĖ-ga	[sʲɛrˈmʲeːɡɐ]	„ser-MAY-gah“	Homespun peasant coat.
midus	MI-dus	[ˈmʲɪdʊs]	„MIH-doos“	Mead.
gira	gi-RA	[ɡʲɪˈrɐ]	„gih-RAH“	Kvass (bread drink).
alus	a-LUS	[ɐˈɫʊs]	„ah-LOOS“	Beer.
kibinai	KI-bi-nai	[ˈkʲɪbʲɪnɐɪ]	„KIH-bih-nye“	Karaim meat pastries (Book II onward).
kenesa	ke-ne-SA	[kʲɛnʲɛˈsɐ]	„keh-neh-SAH“	Karaim prayer house.

16. Book I titles and chapter titles¶

Lithuanian spelling	Stress	IPA	Sounds like	Notes
Geležinio Vilko Saga	ge-le-ŽI-nio VIL-ko sa-GA	[ɡʲɛlʲɛˈʒʲɪnʲo ˈvʲɪlʲko sɐˈɡɐ]	„geh-leh-ZHIH-nyoh VIL-koh sah-GAH“	„The Iron Wolf Saga“.
Vilko Tremtis	VIL-ko trem-TIS	[ˈvʲɪlʲko trʲɛmʲˈtʲɪs]	„VIL-koh trem-TIS“	Book I, „The Wolf’s Exile“.
Nuosmukis	NUO-smu-kis	[ˈnʊɔsmʊkʲɪs]	„NWOH-smoo-kis“	Part I, „The Decline“.
Pabėgimas	pa-bė-GI-mas	[pɐbʲeːˈɡʲɪmɐs]	„pah-bay-GIH-mahs“	Part II and ch. 15, „The Escape“.
Karas ir Tvarka	KA-ras ir tvar-KA	[ˈkaːrɐs ɪr tvɐrˈkɐ]	„KAH-rahs ir tvahr-KAH“	Part III, „War and Order“.
Gintaro Ašaros	GIN-ta-ro A-ša-ros	[ˈɡʲɪntɐro ˈaːʃɐros]	„GIN-tah-roh AH-shah-rohs“	Prologue, „Amber Tears“.
Pradžia	pra-DŽIA	[prɐˈdʒʲæ]	„prah-JAH“	Frame narration (00), „The Beginning“.
Senasis Šernas	se-NA-sis ŠER-nas	[sʲɛˈnaːsʲɪs ˈʃʲærnɐs]	„seh-NAH-sis SHER-nahs“	Ch. 1, „The Old Boar“.
Vilko Perspėjimas	VIL-ko per-SPĖ-ji-mas	[ˈvʲɪlʲko pʲɛrˈspʲeːjɪmɐs]	„VIL-koh per-SPAY-yih-mahs“	Ch. 2, „The Wolf’s Warning“.
Gintaro Sapnas	GIN-ta-ro SAP-nas	[ˈɡʲɪntɐro ˈsaːpnɐs]	„GIN-tah-roh SAHP-nahs“	Ch. 3, „The Amber Dream“.
Kelionė į Vilnių	ke-lio-NĖ į VIL-nių	[kʲɛlʲoˈnʲeː iː ˈvʲɪlʲnʲuː]	„keh-lyoh-NAY ee VIL-nyoo“	Ch. 4, „Journey to Vilnius“.
Dvigubas Veidas	DVI-gu-bas VEI-das	[ˈdvʲɪɡʊbɐs ˈvʲɛɪdɐs]	„DVIH-goo-bahs VAY-dahs“	Ch. 5, „The Double Face“.
Geležiniai Vartai	ge-le-ŽI-niai VAR-tai	[ɡʲɛlʲɛˈʒʲɪnʲɛɪ ˈvarˑtɐɪ]	„geh-leh-ZHIH-nyay VAR-tye“	Ch. 6, „The Iron Gates“.
Tylos Puota	ty-LOS puo-TA	[tʲiːˈɫoːs pʊɔˈtɐ]	„tee-LOHS pwoh-TAH“	Ch. 7, „The Feast of Silence“.
Krėvos Požemiai	KRĖ-vos PO-že-miai	[ˈkrʲeːvos ˈpoːʒʲɛmʲɛɪ]	„KRAY-vohs POH-zheh-myay“	Ch. 8, „The Dungeons of Krėva“.
Paskutinė Giesmė	pas-ku-TI-nė gies-MĖ	[pɐskʊˈtʲɪnʲeː ɡʲiɛsʲˈmʲeː]	„pahs-koo-TIH-nay gyes-MAY“	Ch. 9, „The Last Song“.
Šaltas Rytas	ŠAL-tas RY-tas	[ˈʃaːɫtɐs ˈrʲiːtɐs]	„SHAHL-tahs REE-tahs“	Ch. 10, „Cold Morning“.
Našlė	naš-LĖ	[nɐʃˈlʲeː]	„nahsh-LAY“	Ch. 11, „The Widow“.
Gedulo Skraistė	GE-du-lo SKRAIS-tė	[ˈɡʲæːdʊlo ˈskrɐɪstʲeː]	„GEH-doo-loh SKRICE-tay“	Ch. 12, „The Shroud of Mourning“.
Keitimas	kei-TI-mas	[kʲɛɪˈtʲɪmɐs]	„kay-TIH-mahs“	Ch. 13, „The Swap“.
Šešėlis Naktyje	še-ŠĖ-lis nak-ty-JE	[ʃɛˈʃeːlʲɪs nɐktʲiːˈjɛ]	„sheh-SHAY-lis nahk-tee-YEH“	Ch. 14, „Shadow in the Night“.
Pelkės Vaikai	PEL-kės vai-KAI	[ˈpʲælʲkʲeːs vɐɪˈkɐɪ]	„PEL-kays vye-KYE“	Ch. 16, „Children of the Swamp“.
Pasienis	pa-SIE-nis	[pɐˈsʲiɛnʲɪs]	„pah-SYEH-nis“	Ch. 17, „The Border“.
Geležinis Magistras	ge-le-ŽI-nis ma-GIS-tras	[ɡʲɛlʲɛˈʒʲɪnʲɪs mɐˈɡʲɪstrɐs]	„geh-leh-ZHIH-nis mah-GIS-trahs“	Ch. 18, „The Iron Master“.
Velnio Sandėris	VEL-nio san-DĖ-ris	[ˈvʲælʲnʲo sɐnˈdʲeːrʲɪs]	„VEL-nyoh sahn-DAY-ris“	Ch. 19, „The Devil’s Bargain“.
Svetimi Dievai	sve-ti-MI die-VAI	[sʲvʲɛtʲɪˈmʲɪ dʲiɛˈvɐɪ]	„sveh-tih-MIH dyeh-VYE“	Ch. 20, „Foreign Gods“.
Pirmoji Kova	pir-MO-ji ko-VA	[pʲɪrˈmoːjɪ koˈvɐ]	„pir-MOH-yih koh-VAH“	Ch. 21, „First Battle“.
Vilniaus Apgultis I	VIL-niaus ap-gul-TIS	[ˈvʲɪlʲnʲæʊs ɐpɡʊɫˈtʲɪs]	„VIL-nyows ahp-gool-TIS“	Ch. 22, „The Siege of Vilnius I“.
Ugnis ir Pelenai	ug-NIS ir pe-le-NAI	[ʊɡˈnʲɪs ɪr pʲɛlʲɛˈnɐɪ]	„oog-NIS ir peh-leh-NYE“	Ch. 23, „Fire and Ash“.
Pasirinkimas	pa-si-rin-KI-mas	[pɐsʲɪrʲɪŋˈkʲɪmɐs]	„pah-sih-rin-KIH-mahs“	Ch. 24, „The Choice“.
Išdavikų Išdavikas	iš-da-VI-kų iš-da-VI-kas	[ɪʒdɐˈvʲɪkuː ɪʒdɐˈvʲɪkɐs]	„ish-dah-VIH-koo ish-dah-VIH-kahs“	Ch. 25, „Traitor of Traitors“. š before d voices to „zh“.
Susitikimas Peleninėje	su-si-ti-KI-mas pe-le-NI-nė-je	[sʊsʲɪtʲɪˈkʲɪmɐs pʲɛlʲɛˈnʲɪnʲeːjɛ]	„soo-sih-tih-KIH-mahs peh-leh-NIH-nay-yeh“	Ch. 26, „Meeting in the Ash-House“.
Gintaro Auka	GIN-ta-ro au-KA	[ˈɡʲɪntɐro ɐʊˈkɐ]	„GIN-tah-roh ow-KAH“	Ch. 27, „The Amber Sacrifice“.
Nauja Tvarka	nau-JA tvar-KA	[nɐʊˈjɐ tvɐrˈkɐ]	„now-YAH tvahr-KAH“	Ch. 28, „The New Order“.
Krikštas	KRIKŠ-tas	[ˈkrʲɪkʃtɐs]	„KRIKSH-tahs“	Ch. 29, „The Baptism“.
Epilogas	e-pi-LO-gas	[ɛpʲɪˈɫoːɡɐs]	„eh-pih-LOH-gahs“	Ch. 30, „Epilogue“.
Senovės Kalba: Baltų Senovinė Magija	se-NO-vės kal-BA: BAL-tų se-NO-vi-nė MA-gi-ja	[sʲɛˈnoːvʲeːs kɐɫˈbɐ ˈbaːɫtuː sʲɛˈnoːvʲɪnʲeː ˈmaːɡʲɪjɐ]	„seh-NOH-vays kahl-BAH BAHL-too seh-NOH-vih-nay MAH-gih-yah“	Appendix (ch. 31).